The particular virus which is responsible for 50–80% of common colds and 30–50% of all respiratory illnesses is HRV, which often causes loss of productivity, misuse of antibiotics and increased morbidity. The etiology of common cold is linked to the infection with human rhinoviruses (HRVs), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza and parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses and adenoviruses. The common cold is one of the most frequent, usually mild, human disease that can significantly affect the quality of life and public health, having a negative economic impact due to frequent health care services needed and absences from school or work. It is characterized by symptoms that are indistinguishable among different viral pathogens like nasal stuffiness and discharge, sore throat, cough, malaise and sometimes fever (usually below 37.8º C). The common cold is defined as a spontaneously remitting acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract involving the nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. Although further research is needed, the concept of a physical barrier capable of reducing viral penetration of epithelial cells in the nasal mucosa is appealing, and could lead to alternative approaches, with positive impact on global health. The results show it has potent antiviral activity compared to placebo and a favorable safety profile. In total, the research provided four articles regarding clinical trials for comparing iota-carrageenan nasal spray with placebo. This systematic review was conducted through research in Cochrane Database, PubMed, Science Direct, SpringerLink, Oxford Journals, Elsevier, ClinicalKey, Wiley Online Library, Embase databases, in order to collect randomized and controlled clinical trials. This systematic review of the literature aims to compare the effectiveness of an iota-carrageenan nasal spray to placebo. Iota-carrageenan is a polysaccharide that reveals antiviral activity by binding to viruses, inhibiting its replications and, consequently, its viral propagation. The main purpose of the treatment is the relief of symptoms however, the medication is often associated with adverse effects. Although benign, its symptoms result in economic burden and can lead to severe or even fatal complications in children, elderly and groups with comorbidities. ![]() (high molecular weight fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus), CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), and Gal-4-SO4 (galacatose-4-sulfate).The common cold is one of the most frequent viral infections in humans. (high molecular weight fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida), Fuc.F.v. (kappa-carrageenan), lambda-carr, (lambda-carrageenan), Fuc.U.p. Data represent means of triplicates ± standard deviation. Luciferase data were corrected with metabolic data (Alamar blue) derived from a parallel plate with identical set-up. Infection efficiency was determined by measuring the luciferase activity 48 hours post infection. 100 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml sulfated polymers and 100 μg/ml non-sulfated polymers and galactose-4-sulfate were incubated with the virus for 30 minutes before infection. Mock infected and mock treated infected cells served as negative control (0% infection) and positive control (100% infection control y-axis), respectively. ACE2-HEK293cells/well were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped lentivirus (Luc reporter). Neutralization assay with iota-carrageenan compared to other sulfated and non-sulfated polymers as well as a sulfated sugar. Accordingly, our in vitro data on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus and replication competent SARS-CoV-2 suggest that administration of iota-carrageenan may be an effective and safe prophylaxis or treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. ![]() In vitro data on iota-carrageenan against various Rhino- and endemic Coronaviruses showed similar IC50 values and translated readily into clinical effectiveness when a nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan demonstrated a reduction of severity and duration of symptoms of common cold caused by various respiratory viruses. ![]() Experiments with patient isolated wild type SARS-CoV-2 virus showed an inhibition of replication in a similar range. SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles were efficiently neutralized with an IC50 value of 2.6 μg/ml iota-carrageenan. Here, we show that iota-carrageenan can inhibit the cell entry of the SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus in a dose dependent manner. Attachment and entry of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 is mainly mediated by the spike glycoprotein. In the absence of a vaccine and other effective prophylactic or therapeutic countermeasures the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant public health threat.
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